生态瞬间评估(EMAS)是用于测量移动卫生(MHECHEATH)研究和治疗方案的当前认知状态,影响,行为和环境因素的重要心理数据源。非反应,其中参与者未能响应EMA提示,是一个地方问题。准确预测非响应的能力可用于改善EMA交付和发展顺应性干预。事先工作已经探索了古典机器学习模型,以预测非反应。然而,正如越来越大的EMA数据集可用,有可能利用在其他领域有效的深度学习模型。最近,变压器模型在NLP和其他域中显示了最先进的性能。这项工作是第一个探索用于EMA数据分析的变压器的使用。我们在将变压器应用于EMA数据时解决了三个关键问题:1。输入表示,2.编码时间信息,3.预先培训提高下游预测任务性能的效用。变压器模型实现了0.77的非响应预测AUC,并且明显优于古典ML和基于LSTM的深度学习模型。我们将使我们的一个预测模型在研究界可自由地提供40k EMA样品的核查,以便于开发未来的基于变压器的EMA分析工作。
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骨肉瘤是最常见的原发性骨癌,其标准治疗包括术前化疗,然后切除。化学疗法反应用于预测患者的预后和进一步治疗。坏死在切除标本上的组织学幻灯片通常评估了坏死比定义为坏死肿瘤与总体肿瘤之比。已知坏死比> = 90%的患者的预后更好。多个载玻片对坏死比的手动微观综述是半定量性的,并且可能具有观察者间和观察者间的变异性。我们提出了一种基于目标和可再现的深度学习方法,以估计坏死比,并从扫描的苏木精和曙红全幻灯片图像预测结果。我们以3134个WSI的速度收集了103例骨肉瘤病例,以训练我们的深度学习模型,验证坏死比评估并评估结果预测。我们训练了深层多磁化网络,以分割多个组织亚型,包括生存的肿瘤和像素级中的坏死肿瘤,并计算来自多个WSI的病例级坏死比。我们显示了通过分割模型估算的坏死比,高度与由专家手动评估的病理报告中的坏死比高度相关,其中IV级的平均绝对差异(100%),III(> = 90%)和II(> = 50%和<50%和< 90%)坏死反应分别为4.4%,4.5%和17.8%。我们成功地对患者进行了分层,以预测P = 10^-6的总生存率,而P = 0.012的无进展生存率。我们没有可变性的可重现方法使我们能够调整截止阈值,特别是用于模型和数据集的截止阈值,为OS的80%,PFS为60%。我们的研究表明,深度学习可以支持病理学家作为一种客观的工具,可以分析组织学中骨肉瘤,以评估治疗反应并预测患者结果。
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语言模型既展示了定量的改进,又展示了新的定性功能,随着规模的增加。尽管它们具有潜在的变革性影响,但这些新能力的特征却很差。为了为未来的研究提供信息,为破坏性的新模型能力做准备,并改善社会有害的效果,至关重要的是,我们必须了解目前和近乎未来的能力和语言模型的局限性。为了应对这一挑战,我们介绍了超越模仿游戏基准(Big Bench)。 Big Bench目前由204个任务组成,由132家机构的442位作者贡献。任务主题是多样的,从语言学,儿童发展,数学,常识性推理,生物学,物理学,社会偏见,软件开发等等。 Big-Bench专注于被认为超出当前语言模型的功能的任务。我们评估了OpenAI的GPT型号,Google内部密集变压器体系结构和大型基础上的开关稀疏变压器的行为,跨越了数百万到数十亿个参数。此外,一个人类专家评估者团队执行了所有任务,以提供强大的基准。研究结果包括:模型性能和校准都随规模改善,但绝对的术语(以及与评估者的性能相比);在模型类中的性能非常相似,尽管带有稀疏性。逐渐和预测的任务通常涉及大量知识或记忆成分,而在临界规模上表现出“突破性”行为的任务通常涉及多个步骤或组成部分或脆性指标;社交偏见通常会随着含糊不清的环境而随着规模而增加,但这可以通过提示来改善。
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联合学习(FL)是一种分布式机器学习技术,可以在避免明确的数据共享的同时进行协作模型培训。 FL算法的固有保护属性使其对医疗领域特别有吸引力。但是,如果有异质的客户数据分布,则标准FL方法是不稳定的,需要密集的超参数调整以实现最佳性能。常规的超参数优化算法在现实世界中的FL应用中是不切实际的,因为它们涉及大量的培训试验,而计算预算有限,这些试验通常是不起作用的。在这项工作中,我们提出了一种有效的增强学习(RL)的联合次数超参数优化算法,称为自动FEDRL,其中在线RL代理可以根据当前的培训进度动态调整每个客户的超参数。进行了广泛的实验以研究不同的搜索策略和RL代理。该方法的有效性在CIFAR-10数据集的异质数据分配以及两个现实世界中的医学图像分割数据集上进行了验证,用于胸部CT中的COVID-19变病变分段,腹部CT中的胰腺细分。
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心肌活力的评估对于患有心肌梗塞的患者的诊断和治疗管理是必不可少的,并且心肌病理学的分类是本评估的关键。这项工作定义了医学图像分析的新任务,即进行心肌病理分割(MYOPS)结合三个序列的心脏磁共振(CMR)图像,该图像首次与Mycai 2020一起在Myops挑战中提出的。挑战提供了45个配对和预对准的CMR图像,允许算法将互补信息与三个CMR序列组合到病理分割。在本文中,我们提供了挑战的详细信息,从十五个参与者的作品调查,并根据五个方面解释他们的方法,即预处理,数据增强,学习策略,模型架构和后处理。此外,我们对不同因素的结果分析了结果,以检查关键障碍和探索解决方案的潜力,以及为未来的研究提供基准。我们得出结论,虽然报告了有前途的结果,但研究仍处于早期阶段,在成功应用于诊所之前需要更深入的探索。请注意,MyOPS数据和评估工具继续通过其主页(www.sdspeople.fudan.edu.cn/zhuangxiahai/0/myops20 /)注册注册。
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多机器人边界型螺丝术需要及时协调机器人团队成员。符号运动规划(SMP)可以提供具有高级时间逻辑任务要求的机器人运动规划可提供正确的解决方案。本文旨在为多机器人系统(MRS)的安全可靠的SMP开发一个框架,以满足受时间逻辑受限约束的复杂边界初级任务。首先提出了一个分散的SMP框架,它保证了MRS的复杂边界泛粉任务的正确性和并行执行。然后通过参考地形中的机器人的遍历和视线来构造计算信任模型。信任模式预测每个机器人团队在执行任务计划时的潜在行为的可信度。探索了最值得信赖的任务和运动计划,并使用Dijkstra搜索策略来保证横向纵向初级初级的可靠性。 ROS Gazebo中实施了机器人仿真,以展示所提出的框架的有效性。
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The recent increase in public and academic interest in preserving biodiversity has led to the growth of the field of conservation technology. This field involves designing and constructing tools that utilize technology to aid in the conservation of wildlife. In this article, we will use case studies to demonstrate the importance of designing conservation tools with human-wildlife interaction in mind and provide a framework for creating successful tools. These case studies include a range of complexities, from simple cat collars to machine learning and game theory methodologies. Our goal is to introduce and inform current and future researchers in the field of conservation technology and provide references for educating the next generation of conservation technologists. Conservation technology not only has the potential to benefit biodiversity but also has broader impacts on fields such as sustainability and environmental protection. By using innovative technologies to address conservation challenges, we can find more effective and efficient solutions to protect and preserve our planet's resources.
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We present the interpretable meta neural ordinary differential equation (iMODE) method to rapidly learn generalizable (i.e., not parameter-specific) dynamics from trajectories of multiple dynamical systems that vary in their physical parameters. The iMODE method learns meta-knowledge, the functional variations of the force field of dynamical system instances without knowing the physical parameters, by adopting a bi-level optimization framework: an outer level capturing the common force field form among studied dynamical system instances and an inner level adapting to individual system instances. A priori physical knowledge can be conveniently embedded in the neural network architecture as inductive bias, such as conservative force field and Euclidean symmetry. With the learned meta-knowledge, iMODE can model an unseen system within seconds, and inversely reveal knowledge on the physical parameters of a system, or as a Neural Gauge to "measure" the physical parameters of an unseen system with observed trajectories. We test the validity of the iMODE method on bistable, double pendulum, Van der Pol, Slinky, and reaction-diffusion systems.
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While the brain connectivity network can inform the understanding and diagnosis of developmental dyslexia, its cause-effect relationships have not yet enough been examined. Employing electroencephalography signals and band-limited white noise stimulus at 4.8 Hz (prosodic-syllabic frequency), we measure the phase Granger causalities among channels to identify differences between dyslexic learners and controls, thereby proposing a method to calculate directional connectivity. As causal relationships run in both directions, we explore three scenarios, namely channels' activity as sources, as sinks, and in total. Our proposed method can be used for both classification and exploratory analysis. In all scenarios, we find confirmation of the established right-lateralized Theta sampling network anomaly, in line with the temporal sampling framework's assumption of oscillatory differences in the Theta and Gamma bands. Further, we show that this anomaly primarily occurs in the causal relationships of channels acting as sinks, where it is significantly more pronounced than when only total activity is observed. In the sink scenario, our classifier obtains 0.84 and 0.88 accuracy and 0.87 and 0.93 AUC for the Theta and Gamma bands, respectively.
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Variational autoencoders model high-dimensional data by positing low-dimensional latent variables that are mapped through a flexible distribution parametrized by a neural network. Unfortunately, variational autoencoders often suffer from posterior collapse: the posterior of the latent variables is equal to its prior, rendering the variational autoencoder useless as a means to produce meaningful representations. Existing approaches to posterior collapse often attribute it to the use of neural networks or optimization issues due to variational approximation. In this paper, we consider posterior collapse as a problem of latent variable non-identifiability. We prove that the posterior collapses if and only if the latent variables are non-identifiable in the generative model. This fact implies that posterior collapse is not a phenomenon specific to the use of flexible distributions or approximate inference. Rather, it can occur in classical probabilistic models even with exact inference, which we also demonstrate. Based on these results, we propose a class of latent-identifiable variational autoencoders, deep generative models which enforce identifiability without sacrificing flexibility. This model class resolves the problem of latent variable non-identifiability by leveraging bijective Brenier maps and parameterizing them with input convex neural networks, without special variational inference objectives or optimization tricks. Across synthetic and real datasets, latent-identifiable variational autoencoders outperform existing methods in mitigating posterior collapse and providing meaningful representations of the data.
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